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Central bank independence refers to the degree of autonomy and freedom a central bank has in conducting its monetary policy and managing the financial system.It is a key aspect of modern central banking, and has its roots in the recognition that monetary policy decisions should be based on the best interests of the economy as a whole, rather than being influenced by short-term political ...
The term national bank in the U.S. context originally referred to the Revolutionary War–era Bank of North America, its successor, the First Bank of the United States, or that institution's successor, the Second Bank of the United States. The first survives as an acquisition of Wells Fargo, while the others are defunct.
Andrew Jackson, who became president in 1829, denounced the bank as an engine of corruption. His destruction of the bank was a major political issue in the 1830s and shaped the Second Party System, as Democrats in the states opposed banks and Whigs supported them. He was unable to get the bank dissolved, but refused to renew its charter.
Bank of Botswana ; Non-Bank Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority (NBFIRA) Brazil: Central Bank of Brazil ; Securities Commission (CVM) ; Superintendency of Private Insurance (SUSEP); Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS) British Virgin Islands: British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (BVIFSC) Brunei
A central bank, reserve bank, national bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the monetary policy of a country or monetary union. [1] In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base.
Paul McCulley of investment management firm PIMCO coined the term "shadow banking". [9] Shadow banking is sometimes said to include entities such as hedge funds, money market funds, structured investment vehicles (SIV), "credit investment funds, exchange-traded funds, credit hedge funds, private equity funds, securities broker-dealers, credit insurance providers, securitization and finance ...
In northern Peru, the World Bank's business-lending arm is part owner of the Yanacocha gold mine, accused by impoverished farming communities of despoiling their land in pursuit of the precious ore. The bank and IFC have stepped up investments in projects deemed to have a high risk of serious and environment damage, including oil pipelines, mines and even coal-fired power plants, an ...
Non-monetary (state) communist currents, ranging from libertarian proposals [29] to the harsh reality of Democratic Kampuchea. Many communists and socialists envisaged a moneyless society. [30] Gift economies: other than the word suggests, the gift in such economies usually comes with an obligation to do something in return.