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The relationship between the environment and sexual orientation is a subject of research. In the study of sexual orientation, some researchers distinguish environmental influences from hormonal influences, [1] while other researchers include biological influences such as prenatal hormones as part of environmental influences.
However, gender bias, stigma, and shame lead men to be underreported, underdiagnosed, and undertreated for eating disorders. [25] It has been found that clinicians are not well-trained and lack sufficient resources to treat men with eating disorders. [25] Due to these factors, research regarding eating disorders in men continues to be limited.
The psychiatric diagnosis of gender identity disorder (now gender dysphoria) was introduced in DSM-III in 1980. Arlene Istar Lev and Deborah Rudacille have characterized the addition as a political maneuver to re-stigmatize homosexuality. [107] [108] (Homosexuality was declassified as a mental disorder in the DSM-II in 1974.)
[7] [8] In 2014, it called for the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council to prohibit such interventions, noting a "close entanglement of intersex status, gender identity and sexual orientation in social understandings of sex and gender norms, and in medical and medical sociology literature". [9]
Gender dysphoria (previously called "gender identity disorder" or GID in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM) is the formal diagnosis of people who experience significant dysphoria (discontent) with the sex they were assigned at birth and/or the gender roles associated with that sex: [104] [105] "In gender identity ...
In this way, our gender identity (the conviction of belonging to the male or female gender) and sexual orientation are programmed or organized into our brain structures when we are still in the womb. There is no indication that social environment after birth has an effect on gender identity or sexual orientation." [78]
A number of factors combine to influence the development of sex differences, including genetics and epigenetics; [5] differences in brain structure and function; [6] hormones, [7] and socialization. [3] [4] [8] [page needed] The formation of gender is controversial in many scientific fields, including psychology. Specifically, researchers and ...
Psychological research in this area includes examining mental health issues (including stress, depression, or addictive behavior) faced by gay and lesbian people as a result of the difficulties they experience because of their sexual orientation, physical appearance issues, eating disorders, or gender atypical behavior.