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The selection of the sample rate was based primarily on the need to reproduce the audible frequency range of 20–20,000 Hz (20 kHz). The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that a sampling rate of more than twice the maximum frequency of the signal to be recorded is needed, resulting in a required rate of greater than 40 kHz.
[81] [82]: sec. 2.6 An audio CD can represent frequencies up to 22.05 kHz, the Nyquist frequency of the 44.1 kHz sample rate. [ 83 ] There was a long debate over the use of 16-bit (Sony) or 14-bit (Philips) quantization , and 44,056 or 44,100 samples/s (Sony) or approximately 44,000 samples/s (Philips).
Sampling rate used by the Mitsubishi X-80 digital audio recorder. 64,000 Hz Uncommonly used, but supported by some hardware [18] [19] and software. [20] [21] 88,200 Hz Sampling rate used by some professional recording equipment when the destination is CD (multiples of 44,100 Hz).
The decline in CD sales has slowed in recent years; in 2021, CD sales increased in the US for the first time since 2004, [63] with Axios citing its rise to "young people who are finding they like hard copies of music in the digital age". [64] It came at the same time as both vinyl and cassette reached sales levels not seen in 30 years. [65]
Other sampling rates include: 44.1 kHz (also known as CD Quality): Originated in the late 1970s with PCM adaptors, and is still a common sampling rate to this day, mostly due to CD's adoption of this sampling rate, defined in the Red Book standard in 1980. [6] A comparison of several sampling rates, depicting their dynamic ranges.
CD audio, for example, has a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz (44,100 samples per second), and has 16-bit resolution for each stereo channel. Analog signals that have not already been bandlimited must be passed through an anti-aliasing filter before conversion, to prevent the aliasing distortion that is caused by audio signals with frequencies higher ...
High-resolution audio (high-definition audio or HD audio) is a term for audio files with greater than 44.1 kHz sample rate or higher than 16-bit audio bit depth. It commonly refers to 96 or 192 kHz sample rates. However, 44.1 kHz/24-bit, 48 kHz/24-bit and 88.2 kHz/24-bit recordings also exist that are labeled HD audio.
Sample-rate conversion prevents changes in speed and pitch that would otherwise occur when transferring recorded material between such systems. More specific types of resampling include: upsampling or upscaling; downsampling, downscaling, or decimation; and interpolation. The term multi-rate digital signal processing is sometimes used to refer ...