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In rodents and primates, sufficiently high doses of amphetamine cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity, or damage to dopamine neurons, which is characterized by dopamine terminal degeneration and reduced transporter and receptor function. [170] [171] There is no evidence that amphetamine is directly neurotoxic in humans.
Drugs in the class of amphetamines, or substituted amphetamines, are known to induce "amphetamine psychosis" typically when chronically abused or used in high doses. [8] In an Australian study of 309 active methamphetamine users, 18% had experienced a clinical level psychosis in the past year. [9]
At high doses, prescription amphetamines, used to treat ADHD could increase a person’s risk of psychosis. Image credit: visualspace/Getty Images.
Treatment for amphetamines is growing at extremely high rates around the world. [15] Psychostimulants that increase dopamine and mimic the effects of substituted amphetamines, but with lower abuse liability, could theoretically be used as replacement therapy in amphetamine dependence. [ 8 ]
Repeated, high doses of amphetamine are neurotoxic to dopamine neurons, and can cause a psychotic syndrome resembling schizophrenia. Similarly, those treated with dopamine enhancing levodopa for Parkinson's disease can experience psychotic side effects mimicking the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine system development or nerve damage, [36] [37] but, in humans with ADHD, long-term use of pharmaceutical amphetamines at therapeutic doses appears to improve brain development and nerve growth.
Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine system development or nerve damage, [37] [38] but, in humans with ADHD, long-term use of pharmaceutical amphetamines at therapeutic doses appears to improve brain development and nerve growth.
Amphetamine, the prototypical monoamine releasing agent, which induces the release of dopamine and norepinephrine. [1]A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of one or more monoamine neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitters and ...