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There are many grading systems for degeneration of intervertebral discs and facet joints in the cervical and lumbar vertebrae, of which the following radiographic systems can be recommended in terms of interobserver reliability: [1]
Adhesive capsulitis (AC), also known as frozen shoulder, is a condition associated with shoulder pain and stiffness. [1] It is a common shoulder ailment that is marked by pain and a loss of range of motion, particularly in external rotation. [3] There is a loss of the ability to move the shoulder, both voluntarily and by others, in multiple ...
The standard x-ray views of the shoulder include a true anterior-posterior view, a lateral (Y or outlet) view, and an axillary view. [13] A Velpeau view can be done as an alternative to the axillary view if an examinee is unable to position the shoulder for an appropriate image.
Milwaukee shoulder syndrome (MSS) (apatite-associated destructive arthritis/Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystal arthritis/rapid destructive arthritis of the shoulder) [1] is a rare [2] rheumatological condition similar to pseudogout, associated with periarticular or intra-articular deposition of hydroxyapatite or basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals.
Animation of shoulder joint showing the supraspinatus muscle. The rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder produce a high tensile force, and help to pull the head of the humerus into the glenoid cavity. The glenoid cavity is shallow and contains the glenoid labrum which deepens it and aids stability. With 120 degrees of unassisted flexion, the ...
The posterior fat pad is normally pressed in the olecranon fossa by the triceps tendon, and hence invisible on lateral radiograph of the elbow. [3] When there is a fracture of the distal humerus, or other pathology involving the elbow joint, inflammation develops around the synovial membrane forcing the fat pad out of its normal physiologic resting place.
An injury to the AC joint will result in pain over the AC joint, in the anterolateral neck and in the region in the anterolateral deltoid. [citation needed] X-ray indicates a separated shoulder when the acromioclavicular joint space is widened (it is normally 5 to 8 mm). [9] It can be classified into 6 types.
The mobility of the shoulder girdle is supported by a large number of muscles. The most important of these are muscular sheets rather than fusiform or strap-shaped muscles and they thus never act in isolation but with some fibres acting in coordination with fibres in other muscles. [6] Muscles of shoulder girdle excluding the glenohumeral joint [4]