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The more of the substance the fetus is exposed to, the more of an effect it can have on the overall development, as well as running the risk of being fatal to the fetus during the prenatal stage(s) of pregnancy. The effects of cocaine uses can cause for there to be an increased chance of the baby being born premature, affecting the body weight ...
The severity of effects alcohol may have on a developing fetus depends upon the amount and frequency of alcohol consumed as well as the stage of pregnancy. Rates of alcohol consumption can generally be categorized in one of three ways: heavy drinking (more than 48-60 grams of ethanol/day), moderately high drinking (24-48 grams of ethanol/day ...
Fetal exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke may experience a wide range of behavioral, neurological, and physical difficulties. [9] Adverse effects include stillbirth, placental disruption, prematurity, lower mean birth weight, physical birth defects (cleft palate etc.), decrements in lung function, increased risk of infant mortality. [7]
These effects may include cognitive and behavioral problems, as well as an increased risk of substance use disorders later in life. Current guidelines recommend that opioid use disorder in pregnancy be treated with opioid agonist pharmacotherapy consisting of methadone or buprenorphine to substitute for the drug of abuse. [1]
Cocaine is an addictive stimulant, and although there is not a comparable academic research base to alcohol, there are a fair number of studies which show adverse effects to memory performance after prenatal exposure. The pregnancy category level of cocaine is C, as described above.
Studies show that prenatal cocaine exposure (independent of other effects such as, for example, alcohol, tobacco, or physical environment) has no appreciable effect on childhood growth and development. [100] In 2007, he National Institute on Drug Abuse of the United States warned about health risks while cautioning against stereotyping:
Prenatal alcohol exposure is determined by interview of the biological mother or other family members knowledgeable of the mother's alcohol use during the pregnancy (if available), prenatal health records (if available), and review of available birth records, court records (if applicable), chemical dependency treatment records (if applicable ...
Long term effects vary by the substance that the neonate gets exposed to but they most commonly have been shown to affect growth, behavior, cognitive function, vision problems, motor problems, language, academic achievement, otitis media (infection or inflammation of the middel ear), and predisposition to self utilization of drugs.