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The stiffness, , of a body is a measure of the resistance offered by an elastic body to deformation. For an elastic body with a single degree of freedom (DOF) (for example, stretching or compression of a rod), the stiffness is defined as k = F δ {\displaystyle k={\frac {F}{\delta }}} where,
The body varies the stiffness of its limbs by three primary mechanisms: muscle cocontraction, [1] [8] [9] posture selection, [6] and through stretch reflexes. [1] [10] [11] [12] Muscle cocontraction (similar to muscle tone) is able to vary the stiffness of a joint by the action of antagonistic muscles acting on the joint. The stronger the ...
Joint angle trace: a trace of the angles that a joint exhibits during walking. Joint angle distribution: the distribution of angles of a joint. Joint angle extremes: the maximum (extension) and minimum (flexion) angle of a joint during walking. Joint angle variability across steps: the variability between joint angle traces of several steps.
Where, S j is the muscle strength moment at joint, j, and M j/L is the external moment at the joint, j, due to load, L and the body segments preceding the joint in the top-down analysis. Top-down analysis is the method of calculating the reactive moments and forces at each joint starting at the hand, all the way till the ankle and foot.
Specific modulus is a materials property consisting of the elastic modulus per mass density of a material. It is also known as the stiffness to weight ratio or specific stiffness. High specific modulus materials find wide application in aerospace applications where minimum structural weight is required.
A model is applied to calculate the movement of the underlying bones. This gives a complete breakdown of the movement of each joint. One common method is to use Helen Hayes Hospital marker set, [5] in which a total of 15 markers are attached on the lower body. The 15 marker motions are analyzed analytically, and it provides angular motion of ...
Davis's law is used in anatomy and physiology to describe how soft tissue models along imposed demands. It is similar to Wolff's law, which applies to osseous tissue.It is a physiological principle stating that soft tissue heal according to the manner in which they are mechanically stressed.
Values for the flexural strength measured with four-point bending will be significantly lower than with three-point bending., [7] Compared with three-point bending test, this method is more suitable for strength evaluation of butt joint specimens. The advantage of four-point bending test is that a larger portion of the specimen between two ...