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Open educational resources (OER) [1] are teaching, learning, and research materials intentionally created and licensed to be free for the end user to own, share, and in most cases, modify. [2] [3] The term "OER" describes publicly accessible materials and resources for any user to use, re-mix, improve, and redistribute under some licenses. [4]
Examples of published guidelines and research reports that can assist with the OER policy making process: (2011) Guidelines for open educational resources (OER) in higher education [4] (2016) Open Educational Resources: Policy, costs and transformation [6] (2019): Guidelines on the development of open educational resources policies [35]
OEP, for example, often, but not always, involve the application of OER to the teaching and learning process. [6] Open educational practices aim to take the focus beyond building further access to OER and consider how in practice, such resources support education and promote quality and innovation in teaching and learning.
To support interoperability, OER Commons is an experimental node in the Learning Registry, a joint US Department of Education and US Department of Defense initiative to support educational content and platform interoperability. [9] The OER Commons contains custom curated resource collections, or microsites.
The first MOOCs emerged from the open educational resources (OER) movement, which was sparked by MIT OpenCourseWare project. [15] The OER movement was motivated from work by researchers who pointed out that class size and learning outcomes had no established connection. Here, Daniel Barwick's work is the most often-cited example. [16] [17]
An open textbook is a textbook licensed under an open license, and made available online to be freely used by students, teachers and members of the public.Many open textbooks are distributed in either print, e-book, or audio formats that may be downloaded or purchased at little or no cost.
Writing an open thesis is a process with many decision points regarding where and when to share information openly - from the planning stage, through research and writing, the defense/ voce viva and ultimate publication. [1] Open theses are usually created and located in digital and multimodal formats. [2] Open theses fall into two categories:
Japanese researchers have been particularly interested in the technical aspects of OCW, for example in creating semantic search engines. There is currently a growing interest for Open Educational Resources (OER) among Japanese universities, and more universities are expected to join the consortium.