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Hypercapnia is a hazard of underwater diving associated with breath-hold diving, scuba diving, particularly on rebreathers, and deep diving where it is associated with increased breathing gas density due to the high ambient pressure. [3] [4] [5]
Offshore diving is basically a legal distinction, and usually refers to commercial diving operations outside of the territorial waters of a country where national legislation does not apply, but usually within an exclusive economic zone (EEZ). It incidentally implies that the dive site is more than 12 nautical miles (territorial waters), and ...
Human physiology of underwater diving is the physiological influences of the underwater environment on the human diver, and adaptations to operating underwater, both during breath-hold dives and while breathing at ambient pressure from a suitable breathing gas supply.
Underwater diving is practiced as part of an occupation, or for recreation, where the practitioner submerges below the surface of the water or other liquid for a period which may range between seconds to the order of a day at a time, either exposed to the ambient pressure or isolated by a pressure resistant suit, to interact with the underwater ...
By definition it causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis. Hypoventilation is not synonymous with respiratory arrest, in which breathing ceases entirely and death occurs within minutes due to hypoxia and leads rapidly into complete anoxia, although both are medical emergencies. Hypoventilation ...
SIPE usually occurs during heavy exertion in conditions of water immersion, such as swimming and diving. It has been reported in scuba divers, [15] [16] apnea (breath hold) free-diving competitors, [17] [18] combat swimmers, [19] [20] and triathletes. [14] The causes are incompletely understood at the present time. [14] [21] [22]
The temperature of the diving environment can influence the equipment used by the diver, and the time the diver can be exposed to the environment without excessive risk. Diving in hot water – Diving in conditions where active cooling is necessary; Diving in warm water – Diving in conditions where no thermal protection is needed
Diving disorders are medical conditions specifically arising from underwater diving. The signs and symptoms of these may present during a dive, on surfacing, or up to several hours after a dive. The principal conditions are decompression illness (which covers decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism ), nitrogen narcosis , high pressure ...