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A study on forest transition theory reported that over 60 years (1960–2019), "the global forest area has declined by 81.7 million ha", and concluded higher income nations need to reduce imports of tropical forest-related products and help with theoretically forest-related socioeconomic development and international policies.
In their article Designing from place: a regenerative framework and methodology, Pamela Mang and Bill Reed define place as a "unique, multilayered network of living systems within a geographic region that results from the complex interactions, through time, of the natural ecology (climate, mineral and other deposits, soil, vegetation, water and ...
Regeneration refers to rethinking and reinventing business models, supply chains, and lifestyles to sustain and improve the earth's natural environment and avoid the depletion of natural resources. [1] Regeneration includes widespread environmental practices such as reusing, recycling, restoring, and the use of renewable resources.
In ecology regeneration is the ability of an ecosystem – specifically, the environment and its living population – to renew and recover from damage. It is a kind of biological regeneration . Regeneration refers to ecosystems replenishing what is being eaten, disturbed, or harvested.
Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular economic or social developmental (or even more generally, cultural) trajectories. [1]
Development geography is a branch of geography which refers to the standard of living and its quality of life of its human inhabitants. In this context, development is a process of change that affects peoples' lives. It may involve an improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing change. [1]
Currently most cities are heavily dependent on resources which are consumed and wasted with little consideration to their origin or their final destination. [2] Input resources such as water, food, energy and goods are imported from well beyond the cities´ boundaries to be consumed by city dwellers and discarded in the form of waste and pollution to air, water and land.
The Society for Ecological Restoration defines restoration as "the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed." [1] Restoration ecology is the academic study of the science of restoration, whereas ecological restoration is the implementation by practitioners. [21]