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Drugs used in diabetes treat types of diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood. With the exception of insulin , most GLP-1 receptor agonists ( liraglutide , exenatide , and others), and pramlintide , all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents.
SGLT2 inhibitors are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Apart from blood sugar control, gliflozins have been shown to provide significant cardiovascular benefit in people with type 2 diabetes. [2] [3] As of 2014, several medications of this class had been approved or were under development. [4]
The most common side effects include urinary infections, nasopharyngitis, and upper respiratory tract infections . [5] [6] The most serious side effects include ketoacidosis (high blood levels of acids called ‘ketoacids’), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), hypersensitivity (allergic reactions) and hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar levels).
The main goal of diabetes management is to keep blood glucose (BG) levels as normal as possible. [1] If diabetes is not well controlled, further challenges to health may occur. [1] People with diabetes can measure blood sugar by various methods, such as with a BG meter or a continuous glucose monitor, which monitors over several days. [2]
Prediabetes, often considered the step before diabetes, is when you have higher than usual blood glucose (blood sugar) levels. Your levels aren’t high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes.
Semaglutide is an anti-diabetic medication used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and an anti-obesity medication used for long-term weight management. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] It is a peptide similar to the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), modified with a side chain .
Dapagliflozin is used along with diet, exercise, and usually with other glucose-lowering medications, to improve glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. . Dapagliflozin, in addition to other SGLT2-inhibitors, was shown to reduce the rate of decline in kidney function and kidney failure in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic adults when added to the existing treatment
Blocking SGLT-2 reduces blood glucose by blocking glucose reabsorption in the kidney and thereby excreting glucose (i.e., blood sugar) via the urine. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Of all the SGLT-2 Inhibitors currently available, empagliflozin has the highest degree of selectivity for SGLT-2 over SGLT-1, SGLT-4, SGLT-5 and SGLT-6.
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