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When a patient is asymptomatic, ultrasonographic surveillance is recommended. [10] For chronic cysts, aspiration or drainage is a safe, less invasive treatment option. [9] When there is any suspicion of malignancy, surgical therapy in the form of a laparoscopy or laparotomy with full excision of the cyst is usually needed. [10] [8]
The most common causes for adnexal masses in premenopausal women include follicular cysts and corpus luteum cysts. Abscesses can form as a complication of pelvic inflammatory disease. In postmenopausal women, adnexal masses may be caused by cancer, fibroids, fibromas, or diverticular abscesses.
Endometrioma (also called chocolate cyst) is the presence of tissue similar to, but distinct from, the endometrium in and sometimes on the ovary. It is the most common form of endometriosis . [ 1 ] Endometrioma is found in 17–44% patients with endometriosis.
Large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8% of women before menopause. [1] Ovarian cysts are present in about 16% of women after menopause, and have a higher risk of being cancer than in younger women. [1] [4] If a cyst appears benign during diagnosis, then it has a less than 1% chance of being either cancer or borderline malignant. [11]
A nabothian cyst (or nabothian follicle) [1] is a mucus-filled cyst on the surface of the cervix. They are most often caused when stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix (portion nearest to the vagina) grows over the simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix (portion nearest to the uterus).
There is a small association between Gartner's duct cysts and metanephric urinary anomalies, such as ectopic ureter and ipsilateral renal hypoplasia. [5] Symptoms of a Gartner's duct cyst include: infections, bladder dysfunction, abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and urinary incontinence. [6] The size of the cyst is usually less than 2 cm.
Pelvic floor muscle therapy – Pelvic floor exercises to strengthen vaginal support can be of benefit. Specialized physical therapy can be prescribed to help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. [1] [12] Dietary changes – Ingesting high fiber foods will aid in promoting bowel movements. [1]
Vaginal cysts resemble other structures that protrude from the vagina such as rectocele and cystocele. Histological assessment is needed to determine the specific type of cyst. [1] Vaginal cysts are often discovered during a routine pelvic exam or pap smear. [10] [9] Cysts are also discovered during a bimanual exam. [15]