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Fact distortion results in a type of choice-supportive bias when the facts belonging to the chosen option are remembered in a distorted manner. [1] The distortion refers to the objective values and/or features of the chosen option being misremembered in a more preferential way to their actual values.
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. [32] There are multiple other cognitive biases which involve or are types of confirmation bias: Backfire effect, a tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. [33]
Indication bias, a potential mixup between cause and effect when exposure is dependent on indication, e.g. a treatment is given to people in high risk of acquiring a disease, potentially causing a preponderance of treated people among those acquiring the disease. This may cause an erroneous appearance of the treatment being a cause of the disease.
Cognitive bias mitigation and cognitive bias modification are forms of debiasing specifically applicable to cognitive biases and their effects. Reference class forecasting is a method for systematically debiasing estimates and decisions, based on what Daniel Kahneman has dubbed the outside view .
Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality. Although it may seem like such misperceptions would be aberrations, biases can help humans find commonalities and shortcuts to assist in the navigation of common situations in life.
A 2006 meta-analysis found little support for a related bias, the actor–observer asymmetry, in which people attribute their own behavior more to the environment, but others' behavior to individual attributes. [9] The implications for the fundamental attribution error, the author explained, were mixed.
On June 21, 1964, my brother Andrew Goodman was kidnapped and murdered by the KKK in Mississippi along with his James Chaney and Michael Schwerner.
Overconfidence effect – Personal cognitive bias; Pygmalion effect – Phenomenon in psychology; Self-deception – Practice of feigning to be what one is not or to believe what one does not; Self-serving bias – Distortion to enhance self-esteem, or to see oneself overly favorably