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Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are mineral concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. As nodules can be found in vast quantities, and contain valuable metals, deposits have been identified as a potential economic interest. [ 1 ]
The CCZ is regularly considered for deep-sea mining due to the abundant presence of manganese nodules. The CCZ extends around 4,500 miles (7,240 km) East to West [4] and spans approximately 4,500,000 square kilometres (1,700,000 sq mi). [5] The fractures themselves are unusually mountainous topographical features.
Polymetallic nodules on the deep seabed in the CCZ Example of manganese nodule that can be found on the sea floor. Polymetallic nodules are found at depths of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) in all major oceans, but also in shallow waters like the Baltic Sea and in freshwater lakes. [23] [24] They are the most readily minable type of deep sea ore. [25]
Nodule is also used for widely scattered concretionary lumps of manganese, cobalt, iron, and nickel found on the floors of the world's oceans. This is especially true of manganese nodules. Manganese and phosphorite nodules form on the seafloor and are syndepositional in origin. Thus, technically speaking, they are concretions instead of nodules ...
Manganese nodules on the seafloor in the Clarion–Clipperton zone. The image was taken with ROV KIEL 6000 during expedition SO239 with FS SONNE in April 2015. A popular area for deep-sea mining , located in the Pacific Ocean , in the Clarion–Clipperton zone (CCZ) .
Known as manganese nodules, they are composed of layers of different metals like manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper, and they are always found on the surface of the ocean floor. [ 9 ] Cosmogenous sediments are the remains of space debris such as comets and asteroids, made up of silicates and various metals that have impacted the Earth.
The quiet CCZ, as wide as the continental U.S., is home to polymetallic nodules or trillions of potato-size lumps of matter formed over millions of years that contain nickel, manganese, copper, zinc and cobalt, as well as deep water coral, sponges and unusual species ("ghost octopus", crustaceans, worms and sea cucumbers) that in a near light ...
An abundant resource of manganese in the form of manganese nodules found on the ocean floor. [65] These nodules, which are composed of 29% manganese, [66] are located along the ocean floor. The environmental impacts of nodule collection are of interest. [67] [68]