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Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses or a period) is the first and most evident phase of the uterine cycle and first occurs at puberty. Called menarche, the first period occurs at the age of around twelve or thirteen years. [8] The average age is generally later in the developing world and earlier in the developed world. [42]
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disruptive set of emotional and physical symptoms that regularly occur in the one to two weeks before the start of each menstrual period. [4] [5] Symptoms resolve around the time menstrual bleeding begins. [4]
These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause). [71] [75] Some of these changes are hot flashes, night sweats, difficulty sleeping, mood swings, vaginal dryness or atrophy, incontinence, osteoporosis, and heart disease. [74]
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Women typically begin perimenopause in their 40s, but many aren’t quite sure how it differs from menopause. Our wellness expert answers this question and more.
Menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle is on average 28 days in length. It begins with menses (day 1–7) during the follicular phase (day 1–14), followed by ovulation (day 14) and ending with the luteal phase (day 14–28). [1]
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A large North American survey reported only a 2–3 month decline from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s. [36] A 2011 study found that each 1 kg/m 2 increase in childhood body-mass index (BMI) can be expected to result in a 6.5% higher absolute risk of early menarche (before age 12 years). [37] This is called the secular trend. [38] [39]