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Despite industrialization in Spain and because of the industrialization of agricultural in the 1900s, restrictive gender norms meant only 9% of women were employed by 1930. This represented a drop of 12% of all women and 0.5 million total women in the workforce from 1877 to 1930. [ 1 ]
During the pre-Francoist period, women would sometimes use riots instead of industrial action to try effect change. This method of individual rebellion of protesting economic conditions that impacted them entailed less risk than similar events by male counterparts because women were largely immune to consequences because they were women.
Women were no longer only biological organisms existing for the sole purpose of procreation, but as beings for whom Spanish cultural norms remained. [5] By the end of the 1960s, the destiny of women in Spain was changing as women increasingly began to express their dissatisfaction with state-imposed patriarchy.
Because abortion was illegal in Spain, during the 1970s, Spanish women who could afford it went to London to get abortions. [29] Between 1974 and 1988, 195,993 Spanish women traveled to England and Wales to get an abortion. Women also went to the Netherlands in this period to have abortions.
The status of women in Spain has evolved from the country's earliest history, culture, and social norms. Throughout the late 20th century, Spain has undergone a transition from Francoist Spain (1939-1975), during which women's rights were severely restricted, to a democratic society where gender equality is a fundamental principle.
Women did not have rights in Francoist Spain. Women had civil obligations, where not being a responsible was a considered a crime. [4] Many of the laws imposed by the regime had roots in nineteenth century Spanish laws, and treated women as if their sex was a disability. [5]
Other European powers, including England, France, and the Dutch Republic, took possession of territories initially claimed by Spain. Although the overseas territories under the jurisdiction of the Spanish crown are now commonly called "colonies" the term was not used until the second half of 18th century.
Counterculture might oppose mass culture (or "media culture"), [9] or middle-class culture and values. [10] Counterculture is sometimes conceptualized in terms of generational conflict and rejection of older or adult values. [11] Counterculture may or may not be explicitly political.