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  2. Electric arc furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace

    To produce a ton of steel in an electric arc furnace requires approximately 400 kilowatt-hours (1.44 gigajoules) per short ton or about 440 kWh (1.6 GJ) per tonne. The theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of scrap steel is 300 kWh (1.09 GJ) (melting point 1,520 °C (2,768 °F)).

  3. Association of Independent Professionals and the Self-Employed

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Independent...

    The chairman and directors of IPSE are responsible for the organisation's strategic direction. IPSE's executive team look after the day-to-day operations of the organisation. Directors serve a maximum of two consecutive terms of three years, and can be either appointed by the directors or elected by members.

  4. IR35 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IR35

    The press release [8] was issued on 9 March 1999, the same day as the Chancellor of the Exchequer's Budget Statement. IR35 came into force throughout the UK in April 2000. Although it was part of that year's Finance Act and was not law at the start of the Financial Year, the Act backdated its commencement to 6 April 2000.

  5. Induction furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_furnace

    An induction furnace is an electrical furnace in which the heat is applied by induction heating of metal. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Induction furnace capacities range from less than one kilogram to one hundred tons, and are used to melt iron and steel , copper , aluminum , and precious metals .

  6. Furnace (central heating) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace_(central_heating)

    The second category of furnace is the forced-air having atmospheric burner style with a cast-iron or sectional steel heat exchanger. Through the 1950s and 1960s, this style of furnace was used to replace the big, natural draft systems, and was sometimes installed on the existing gravity duct work.

  7. Industrial furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_furnace

    Schematic diagram of an industrial process furnace. Fuel flows into the burner and is burnt with air provided from an air blower. There can be more than one burner in a particular furnace which can be arranged in cells which heat a particular set of tubes. Burners can also be floor mounted, wall mounted or roof mounted depending on design.

  8. Infrared thermometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_thermometer

    A sailor checking the temperature of a ventilation system. Some typical circumstances are where the object to be measured is moving; where the object is surrounded by an electromagnetic field, as in induction heating; where the object is contained in a vacuum or another controlled atmosphere; or in applications where a fast response is required, the accurate surface temperature is desired or ...

  9. Submerged-arc furnace for phosphorus production - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submerged-arc_furnace_for...

    This is performed in a submerged-arc furnace at temperatures of between 1150 and 1400C. The main internal reaction is described below: Ca 10 (PO 4) 6 F 2 + 15C + 9SiO 2 → 3P 2 (g) + 9[(CaO•SiO 2)] + CaF 2 + 15CO(g) This main reaction produces a liquid calcium silicates slag, carbon monoxide gas and the desired product, phosphorus gas.