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Gospels are a genre of ancient biography in early Christian literature. The New Testament includes four canonical gospels, (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) but there are many gospels not included in the biblical canon. [3] These additional gospels are referred to as either New Testament apocrypha or pseudepigrapha.
Jacob Jordaens, The Four Evangelists, 1625–1630. In Christian tradition, the Four Evangelists are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, the authors attributed with the creation of the four canonical Gospel accounts. In the New Testament, they bear the following titles: the Gospel of Matthew; the Gospel of Mark; the Gospel of Luke; and the Gospel of ...
Passion, resurrection and post-resurrection gospels; Gospel harmonies: in which the four canonical gospels are combined into a single narrative, either to present a consistent text or to produce a more accessible account of Jesus' life. The apocryphal gospels can also be seen in terms of the communities which produced them:
The gospels each derive, all or some of, its material from a common proto-gospel (Ur-Gospel), possibly in Hebrew or Aramaic. Q+/Papias (Mark–Q/Matthew) Each document drew from each of its predecessors, including Logoi (Q+) and Papias' Exposition. Independence: Each gospel is an independent and original composition based upon oral history.
Thomson, Charles, A Synopsis of the Four Evangelists (1815) Robinson, Edward, Greek Harmony of the Gospels (1845; second edition, 1851) Robinson, Edward, English Harmony of the Gospels (1846) Orville Daniel, A Harmony of the Four Gospels, 2nd Ed, Baker Books Pub, 1996. R. Thomas & S. Gundry, The NIV Harmony of the Gospels, HarperCollins Pub, 1988.
The second part is the New Testament, almost always containing 27 books: the four canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation. The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon .
The historical reliability of the Gospels is evaluated by experts who have not reached complete consensus. While all four canonical gospels contain some sayings and events that may meet at least one of the five criteria for historical reliability used in biblical studies, [note 1] the assessment and evaluation of these elements is a matter of ongoing debate.
In his 2014 book Marcion and the Dating of the Synoptic Gospels, Markus Vinzent considers, like Klinghardt, that the gospel of Marcion precedes the four gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John). He believes that the Gospel of Marcion influenced the four gospels.
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