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2. Diamond simulant - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_simulant

   Synthetic sapphire and spinel are durable materials (hardness 9 and 8) that take a good polish; however, due to their much lower RI when compared to diamond (1.762–1.770 for sapphire, 1.727 for spinel), they are "lifeless" when cut. (Synthetic sapphire is also anisotropic, making it even easier to spot.)

3. Spinel - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel

   It is widely used as an inexpensive cut gem in birthstone jewelry for the month of August. Light blue synthetic spinel is a good imitation of aquamarine beryl, and green synthetic spinel is used as an emerald or tourmaline simulant. [29] By 2015, transparent spinel was being made in sheets and other shapes through sintering. [30]

4. File:Gold Spot Price per Gram from Jan 1971 to Jan 2012.svg

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_Spot_Price_per...

   English: This chart shows the nominal price of gold along with the price in 1971 and 2011 dollars (adjusted based on the consumer price index). The historical gold price was obtained from www.igolder.com; CPI was obtained from www.rateinflation.com. The data is in section Chart Data.

5. Gemstone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone

   Spanish emerald and gold pendant at Victoria and Albert Museum Enamelled gold, amethyst, and pearl pendant, about 1880, Pasquale Novissimo (1844–1914), V&A Museum number M.36-1928. Gemstones have no universally accepted grading system. Diamonds are graded using a system developed by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) in the early ...

6. Diamond (gemstone) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_(gemstone)

   Since the per carat price of diamond shifts around key milestones (such as 1.00 carat (200 mg)), many one-carat diamonds are the result of compromising cut for carat. Some jewelry experts advise consumers to buy a 0.99-carat (198 mg) diamond for its better price or buy a 1.10-carat (220 mg) diamond for its better cut, avoiding a 1.00-carat (200 ...

7. Chelsea filter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_filter

   The "chelsea" filter was originally devised by Anderson and Payne in 1934 of the Gem testing Laboratory of the London Chamber of Commerce & Industry.The filter was devised with the collaboration of gemmology students of the Chelsea College of Science and Technology where Basil Anderson was an instructor for the Gemmological Association of Great Britain.