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The majority of cases involve the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord. [2] The most common CNS syndromes are headache and mood disorder. [1] Though neuropsychiatric lupus is sometimes referred to as "CNS lupus", it can also affect the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (i.e., cSLE), also termed juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus, is a form of the chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (i.e., SLE), that develops in individuals up to 18 years old. [1]
The classical period began when the disease was first recognized in the Middle Ages. The term lupus is attributed to 12th-century Italian physician Rogerius Frugard, who used it to describe ulcerating sores on the legs of people. [157] No formal treatment for the disease existed and the resources available to physicians to help people were limited.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 200,000 people in the U.S. have lupus, though the Lupus Foundation of America puts the total much higher: roughly 1.5 ...
The WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system is a World Health Organization Blue Book that defines, describes and classifies tumours of the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, as of 2023, clinicians are using the 5th edition, which incorporates recent advances in molecular pathology. [ 1 ]
Belimumab is primarily used in people with systemic lupus erythematosus. When it was introduced in 2011, it was the first new drug approved to treat lupus in 56 years. [8] Sales rose to $31.2 million in the first quarter of 2012. [37] The total cost for the first year of treatment with belimumab is $28,000. [38]
Voclosporin, sold under the brand name Lupkynis, is a calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant medication for the treatment of lupus nephritis. [2] [4] It is an analog of ciclosporin that has enhanced action against calcineurin and greater metabolic stability.
Glucocorticoids and the immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide are the mainstays of treatment of primary CNS vasculitis. There is also limited evidence for the use of mycophenolate mofetil . [ 5 ] The treatment is usually done with an induction phase followed by at least 2 years of maintenance therapy. [ 5 ]