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Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. [2] [3] Until 2020, the genus Lactobacillus comprised over 260 phylogenetically, ecologically, and metabolically diverse species; a taxonomic revision of the genus assigned lactobacilli to 25 genera (see § Taxonomy below).
Lactobacillus crispatus is a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract in healthy women. [17] [18] Functionally, like other lactic acid-producing bacteria, it may prevent infections through production of lactic acid, thereby lowering the pH. [19] Condom use was correlated with increased colonization of Lactobacillus crispatus in the ...
The amount and type of bacteria present have significant implications for an individual's overall health. [2] The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus Lactobacillus, [3] such as L. crispatus, and the lactic acid they produce is thought to protect against infection by pathogenic species. [4]
Infection occurs in about 30% of women who are taking a course of antibiotics by mouth. [2] Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill healthy bacteria in the vagina, such as Lactobacillus. These bacteria normally help to limit yeast colonization. [14] [15] Oral contraceptive use is also associated with increased risk of vaginal thrush. [16] [2]
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) is a strain of L. rhamnosus that was isolated in 1983 from the intestinal tract of a healthy human being; filed for a patent on 17 April 1985, by Sherwood Gorbach and Barry Goldin, [11] the 'GG' derives from the first letters of their surnames. [12]
In Lactobacillus acidophilus, which can be found in the gastrointestinal tract, quorum sensing is important for bacterial interaction when considering biofilm formation and toxin secretion. [14] In L. acidophilus , along with many other bacteria, the luxS -mediated quorum sensing is involved in the regulation of behavior.
Limosilactobacillus reuteri is found in a variety of natural environments. It has been isolated from many foods, especially meats and dairy products. [2] [5] [6] It appears to be essentially ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, having been found in the gastrointestinal tracts and feces of healthy humans, [7] sheep, chickens, [8] pigs, [9] and rodents. [10]
Lactobacillus jensenii is a lactic acid bacteria species in the genus Lactobacillus. It is one of the four main species of Lactobacillus considered to be the major part of the vaginal flora, along with Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus iners. [1] [2] L. jensenii is sometimes used in producing fermented foods. [3]