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Algorithms for the workup of the infertile male. Algorithm to be considered on initial assessment (top). Algorithm for the management of the patient presenting with azoospermia (bottom). Azoospermia is usually detected in the course of an infertility investigation.
Embryo Ranking Intelligent Classification Algorithm (ERICA) is a deep learning [1] AI software designed to assist embryologists and clinicians during the embryo selection process leading to embryo transfer, [2] a critical step of in vitro fertilisation treatments (IVF).
The diagnosis is confirmed when one has a semen volume of less than 2.0 mL on at least two successive spermograms. [2] If hypospermia is caused by retrograde ejaculation, sign include cloudy urine after orgasm. There may not be any symptoms of hypospermia unless it is caused by an abnormality. [2]
There are some health insurance companies that cover diagnosis of infertility, but frequently once diagnosed will not cover any treatment costs. [citation needed] Approximate treatment/diagnosis costs in the United States, with inflation, as of 2023 (US$): Initial workup: hysteroscopy, hysterosalpingogram, blood tests ~$3,100 [citation needed]
Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) is a diagnostic approach that detects sperm abnormality with a large extent of DNA fragmentation. [1] First described by Evenson in 1980, the assay is a flow cytometric test that detects the vulnerability of sperm DNA to acid-induced denaturation DNA in situ. [2]
It is a diagnostic test used in the investigation of infertility from genetic or infectious causes such as uterine fibroids, uterine polyps, uterine anomalies, scarring or tumors. [ 16 ] A HSG is performed after menses and before ovulation during the first half of a menstrual cycle .
Falloposcopy (occasionally also falloscopy [1]) is the inspection of the fallopian tubes through a micro- endoscope. [2] The falloposcope is inserted into the tube through its opening in the uterus at the proximal tubal opening via the uterotubal junction; technically it could also be inserted at the time of abdominal surgery or laparoscopy via the distal fimbriated end.
Hypoprolactinemia can result from autoimmune disease, [2] hypopituitarism, [1] growth hormone deficiency, [2] hypothyroidism, [2] excessive dopamine action in the tuberoinfundibular pathway and/or the anterior pituitary, and ingestion of drugs that activate the D 2 receptor, such as direct D 2 receptor agonists like bromocriptine and pergolide, and indirect D 2 receptor activators like ...