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Methanol is used as a denaturant for ethanol, the product being known as denatured alcohol or methylated spirit. This was commonly used during the US prohibition to discourage consumption of bootlegged liquor, and ended up causing several deaths. [49] It is sometimes used as a fuel in alcohol lamps, portable fire pits and camping stoves.
Alkenes can be made from alcohols by dehydration. This conversion, among others, is used in converting biomass to liquid fuels. [2] The conversion of ethanol to ethylene is a fundamental example: [3] [4] CH 3 CH 2 OH → H 2 C=CH 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is accelerated by acid catalysts such as sulfuric acid and certain zeolites.
Diverse additives are used to make it difficult to use distillation or other simple processes to reverse the denaturation. Methanol is commonly used both because its boiling point is close to that of ethanol and because it is toxic. Another typical denaturant is pyridine. Often the denatured alcohol is dyed with methyl violet. [8]
Just like baking soda and vinegar simulate a volcanic eruption, baking soda interacts with acidic ingredients in doughs and batters to create bubbles of CO 2. But instead of spilling out of a ...
Clathrate hydrates (also known as gas hydrates, gas clathrates, etc.) are water ice with gas molecules trapped within; they are a form of clathrate. An important example is methane hydrate (also known as gas hydrate, methane clathrate, etc.). Nonpolar molecules such as methane can form clathrate hydrates with water, especially under high pressure.
It is mixed with vanilla extract and sugar and replaced in the oven, so that it is twice-baked. Paximathia: Greece: A bread of Greek origin that is prepared with whole wheat, chick pea or barley flour. Traditional versions were twice-baked. [15] Rusk: A hard, dry biscuit or a twice-baked bread. It is sometimes used as a baby teething food. The ...
Saccharin, also called saccharine, benzosulfimide, or E954, or used in saccharin sodium or saccharin calcium forms, is a non-nutritive artificial sweetener. [1] [5] Saccharin is a sultam that is about 500 times sweeter than sucrose, but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations. [1]
Although available commercially, the salt can be prepared from sodium dithionite and formaldehyde: . Na 2 S 2 O 4 + 2 CH 2 O + H 2 O → HO-CH 2-SO 3 Na + HO-CH 2-SO 2 Na. This reaction proceeds quantitatively, such that dithionite can be determined by its conversion to Rongalite, which is far less O 2-sensitive and thus easier to handle.