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It finds large-scale applications for the bleaching of wood pulp, fats and oils, cellulose, flour, textiles, beeswax, skin, and in a number of other industries. Other examples of chlorine-based bleaches, used mostly as disinfectants, are monochloramine , halazone , and sodium dichloroisocyanurate .
At pH below 2, the majority of the chlorine in the solution is in the form of dissolved elemental Cl 2. At pH greater than 7.4, the majority is in the form of hypochlorite ClO −. [10] The equilibrium can be shifted by adding acids (such as hydrochloric acid) or bases (such as sodium hydroxide) to the solution:
The pH scale is logarithmic and therefore pH is a dimensionless quantity. [17] p[H] ... Bleach: 12.5 Lye: 14 pH can be measured using indicators, which change color ...
The hypochlorite anion and chlorine are in equilibrium in water; the position of the equilibrium is pH dependent and low pH (acidic) favors chlorine, [11] Cl 2 + H 2 O ⇌ 2H + + Cl − + ClO −. A hypochlorite bleach can react violently with hydrogen peroxide and produce oxygen gas: H 2 O 2 (aq) + NaOCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O(l) + O 2 (g)
Common examples include sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) and calcium hypochlorite (a component of bleaching powder, swimming pool "chlorine"). [1] The Cl-O distance in ClO − is 1.69 Å. [2] The name can also refer to esters of hypochlorous acid, namely organic compounds with a ClO– group covalently bound to the rest of the molecule.
One of the best-known hypochlorites is NaClO, the active ingredient in bleach. HClO is a stronger oxidant than chlorine under standard conditions. 2 HClO(aq) + 2 H + + 2 e − ⇌ Cl 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O, E = +1.63 V. HClO reacts with HCl to form chlorine: HClO + HCl → H 2 O + Cl 2. HClO reacts with ammonia to form monochloramine: NH 3 + HClO → ...
Bleach (pH 12) and ammonia (pH 11) are common alkaline cleaning agents. Often, dispersants, to prevent redeposition of dissolved dirt, and chelants, to attack rust, are added to the alkaline agent. Alkaline cleaners can dissolve fats (including grease), oils, and protein-based substances.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 29 September 2024. Not to be confused with sodium chloride. Sodium chlorite The sodium cation Space-filling model of the chlorite anion Names IUPAC name Sodium chlorite Other names Chlorous acid, sodium salt Textone Identifiers CAS Number 7758-19-2 Y 49658-21-1 (trihydrate) Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive ...