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The ELM327 is a programmed microcontroller produced for translating the on-board diagnostics (OBD) interface found in most modern cars. The ELM327 command protocol is one of the most popular PC-to-OBD interface standards and is also implemented by other vendors.
OBD-II PIDs (On-board diagnostics Parameter IDs) are codes used to request data from a vehicle, used as a diagnostic tool. SAE standard J1979 defines many OBD-II PIDs. All on-road vehicles and trucks sold in North America are required to support a subset of these codes, primarily for state mandated emissions inspections .
OBD 1.5 refers to a partial implementation of OBD-II which General Motors used on some vehicles in 1994, 1995 & 1996 (GM did not use the term OBD 1.5 in the documentation for these vehicles — they simply had an OBD and an OBD-II section in the service manual).
To test OBD-II scanners, we pulled a 2005 Toyota Corolla into the Car and Driver garage. We then set to work manufacturing a check-engine light (CEL) by unplugging the mass-air-flow sensor.
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The OBD-II standard has been mandatory for all cars and light trucks sold in the United States since model year 1996. The EOBD standard has been mandatory for all petrol vehicles sold in the European Union since 2001 and all diesel vehicles since 2004. [5]
SAE J1939 defines five layers in the seven-layer OSI network model, and this includes the Controller Area Network (CAN) ISO 11898 specification (using only the 29-bit/"extended" identifier) for the physical and data-link layers. Under J1939/11 and J1939/15, the data rate is specified as 250 kbit/s, with J1939/14 specifying 500 kbit/s.
The OBD-II DLC (post-1996 vehicles) is usually located under the instrument panel on the driver side, though there are several exceptions. The SAE J1962 specification provides for two standardized hardware interfaces, called type A and type B. Both are female, 16-pin (2x8), D-shaped connectors, and both have a groove between the two rows of pins.