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Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause characterized by non-necrotizing ("non-caseating") granulomas in multiple organs and body sites, [12] most commonly the lungs and lymph nodes within the chest cavity. Other common sites of involvement include the liver, spleen, skin, and eyes.
Granulomatous–lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) is a lung complication of common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID). It is seen in approximately 15% of patients with CVID. [1] It has been defined histologically as the presence of (non-caseating) granuloma and lymphoproliferation in the lung. [1]
Although granulomatous mastitis is easily confused with cancer it is a completely benign (non-cancerous) condition. Treatment is radically different for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis and other granulomatous lesions of the breast. The precise diagnosis is therefore very important.
Sarcoidosis is characterized by the formation of non-necrotizing ("non-caseating") granulomas in various organs and tissues. [95] Giant cells, specifically Langhans giant cells, are often seen in sarcoidosis. [96] Schaumann bodies seen in sarcoidosis are calcium and protein inclusions inside of giant cells as part of a granuloma. [97]
Caseous necrosis in the kidney. In caseous necrosis no histological architecture is preserved (unlike with coagulative necrosis). [5] [6] On microscopic examination with H&E staining, the area is acellular, characterised by amorphous, roughly granular eosinophilic debris of now dead cells, [6] also containing interspearsed haematoxyphilic remnants of cell nucleus contents. [5]
They may appear as either non-caseating or solidly caseating lesions. [20] Initially, tuberculomas appear hypodense on computed tomography (CT) scans with significant surrounding edema. [ 23 ] [ 3 ] The "target sign" is pathognomonic for tuberculoma on CT, with a nodular ring-enhancing mass and central calcification.
These granulomas are the main reason for the name granulomatosis with polyangiitis, although it is not an essential feature. Nevertheless, necrotizing granulomas are a hallmark of this disease. Many biopsies can be nonspecific, though, and 50% provide too little information for the diagnosis of GPA. [12]
Granulomatous form – invasive hyphae invades tissue with inflammation and non-caseating granuloma (with foreign bodies). [4] Saprophytic infection – growth of fungus seen on mucous crusts within sinus cavity. [4] Sinus fungal ball – sequestration of fungal hyphae as densely tangled, and has gritty matted appearance. [4]