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Linear growth is a complex process regulated by the growth hormone (GH) – insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, the thyroxine/triiodothyronine axis, androgens, estrogens, vitamin D, glucocorticoids and possibly leptin. [25] GH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to hypothalamic, pituitary and circulating factors.
Life cycles can be divided into two major stages: growth and reproduction. These two cannot take place at the same time, so once reproduction has begun, growth usually ends. [9] This shift is important because it can also affect other aspects of an organism's life, such as the organization of its group or its social interactions. [8]
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. [1] Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes. Growth factors typically act as signaling molecules ...
Although physical growth is a highly regular process, all children differ tremendously in the timing of their growth spurts. [72] Studies are being done to analyze how the differences in these timings affect and are related to other variables of developmental psychology such as information processing speed.
Personality traits demonstrate moderate levels of continuity, smaller but still significant normative or mean-level changes, and individual differences in change, often late into the life course. [19] This pattern is influenced by genetic, environmental, transactional, and stochastic factors. [20]
As genetic factors and events during prenatal life may strongly influence developmental changes, genetics and prenatal development usually form a part of the study of child development. Related terms include developmental psychology , referring to development from birth to death, and pediatrics , the branch of medicine relating to the care of ...
For example, obesity is a significant problem in the United States that contributes to poor mental health and causes stress in the lives of many people. [27] One difficulty is the issue raised by the debate over the relative strengths of genetics and other factors; interactions between genetics and environment may be of particular importance.
The life span of an individual depends on two major factors, genetics and lifestyle choices. [211] For various reasons, including biological/genetic causes, women live on average about four years longer than men. [212] As of 2018, the global average life expectancy at birth of a girl is estimated to be 74.9 years compared to 70.4 for a boy.