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  2. List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric...

    The half-angle formula for sine can be obtained by replacing with / and taking the square-root of both sides: ⁡ (/) = (⁡) /. Note that this figure also illustrates, in the vertical line segment E B ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {EB}}} , that sin ⁡ 2 θ = 2 sin ⁡ θ cos ⁡ θ {\displaystyle \sin 2\theta =2\sin \theta \cos \theta } .

  3. Exact trigonometric values - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_trigonometric_values

    Repeated application of the half-angle formulas leads to nested radicals, specifically nested square roots of 2 of the form . In general, the sine and cosine of most angles of the form / can be expressed using nested square roots of 2 in terms of .

  4. Proofs of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_of_trigonometric...

    For the sine function, we can handle other values. If θ > π /2, then θ > 1. But sin θ ≤ 1 (because of the Pythagorean identity), so sin θ < θ. So we have ⁡ < <. For negative values of θ we have, by the symmetry of the sine function

  5. Sine and cosine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_and_cosine

    In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle.The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse), and the cosine is the ratio of the length of the adjacent leg to that ...

  6. Law of cosines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_cosines

    Fig. 1 – A triangle. The angles α (or A), β (or B), and γ (or C) are respectively opposite the sides a, b, and c.. In trigonometry, the law of cosines (also known as the cosine formula or cosine rule) relates the lengths of the sides of a triangle to the cosine of one of its angles.

  7. Pythagorean trigonometric identity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_trigonometric...

    Point P has a positive y-coordinate, and sin θ = sin(π−θ) > 0. As θ increases from zero to the full circle θ = 2π, the sine and cosine change signs in the various quadrants to keep x and y with the correct signs. The figure shows how the sign of the sine function varies as the angle changes quadrant.

  8. Small-angle approximation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-angle_approximation

    The sine and tangent small-angle approximations are used in relation to the double-slit experiment or a diffraction grating to develop simplified equations like the following, where y is the distance of a fringe from the center of maximum light intensity, m is the order of the fringe, D is the distance between the slits and projection screen ...

  9. Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formula

    This complex exponential function is sometimes denoted cis x ("cosine plus i sine"). The formula is still valid if x is a complex number, and is also called Euler's formula in this more general case. [1] Euler's formula is ubiquitous in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering.