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Matter organizes into various phases or states of matter depending on its constituents and external factors like pressure and temperature. Except at extreme temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid , liquid and gas .
Forms of matter that are not composed of molecules and are organized by different forces can also be considered different states of matter. Superfluids (like Fermionic condensate) and the quark–gluon plasma are examples. In a chemical equation, the state of matter of the chemicals may be shown as (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, and (g) for gas.
Drifting smoke particles indicate the movement of the surrounding gas.. Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter.The others are solid, liquid, and plasma. [1] A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide).
Phase transitions commonly refer to when a substance transforms between one of the four states of matter to another. At the phase transition point for a substance, for instance the boiling point, the two phases involved - liquid and vapor, have identical free energies and therefore are equally likely to exist.
In a closed system (i.e. there is no transfer of matter into or out of the system), the first law states that the change in internal energy of the system (ΔU system) is equal to the difference between the heat supplied to the system (Q) and the work (W) done by the system on its surroundings.
The density of states related to volume V and N countable energy levels is defined as: = = (()). Because the smallest allowed change of momentum for a particle in a box of dimension and length is () = (/), the volume-related density of states for continuous energy levels is obtained in the limit as ():= (()), Here, is the spatial dimension of the considered system and the wave vector.
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. [1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.
The equation of state for ordinary non-relativistic 'matter' (e.g. cold dust) is =, which means that its energy density decreases as =, where is a volume.In an expanding universe, the total energy of non-relativistic matter remains constant, with its density decreasing as the volume increases.
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