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In the first, a tax imposed by the state of Virginia on American business concerns operating within the state was struck down because it was a business privilege tax imposed on the privilege of doing business in interstate commerce. But then, in the second, Virginia revised the wording of its statute to impose a "franchise tax" on "intangible ...
According to IBISWorld, who published an article in September 2019 on the Landscape Industry in the US, the Landscaping Industry is worth $98.8 billion. From 2014-2019, the industry had an annual growth of 4.4%, but it is estimated that from 2019- 2024 the industry will decrease to only a 1.5% annual growth.
The Associated Landscape Contractors of America (ALCA) was founded in 1961. [1] In collaboration with NASA , the ALCA sponsored the NASA Clean Air Study , which was published in 1989. [ 2 ] After the study was published, the ALCA formed the Foliage for Clean Air Council, later renamed the Plants for Clean Air Council (PCAC), a nonprofit that ...
Arthur Asahel Shurcliff. Arthur Asahel Shurcliff (September 12, 1870–November 12, 1957; born Arthur Asahel Shurtleff) was an American landscape architect.After over 30 years of success as a practicing landscape architect and town planner, in 1928 he was called upon by John D. Rockefeller Jr., and the Boston architectural firm of Perry, Shaw & Hepburn to serve as Chief Landscape Architect for ...
Stourhead in Wiltshire, England, designed by Henry Hoare (1705–1785), "the first landscape gardener, who showed in a single work, genius of the highest order" [1]. Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioural, or aesthetic outcomes. [2]
1803 painting of the main elements of the English landscape garden. The open "English style" of parkland first spread across Britain and Ireland, and then across Europe, such as the garden à la française being replaced by the French landscape garden. By this time, the word "lawn" in England had semantically shifted to describe a piece of a ...
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200 (1995), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case which held that racial classifications, imposed by the federal government, must be analyzed under a standard of "strict scrutiny", the most stringent level of review which requires that racial classifications be narrowly tailored to further compelling governmental interests. [1]
According to 23 C.F.R. § 771.115(b) and § 771.117(c) Class II actions such as construction of bicycle and pedestrian lanes, planning, noise barriers, and landscaping normally do not individually or cumulatively have a significant environmental effect and therefore may be categorically exempt unless there are unusual circumstances as provided ...
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