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  2. Necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency

    The assertion that Q is necessary for P is colloquially equivalent to "P cannot be true unless Q is true" or "if Q is false, then P is false". [9] [1] By contraposition, this is the same thing as "whenever P is true, so is Q". The logical relation between P and Q is expressed as "if P, then Q" and denoted "P ⇒ Q" (P implies Q).

  3. Sum and Product Puzzle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_and_Product_Puzzle

    There are three parties involved, S, P, and O. S knows the sum X+Y, P knows the product X·Y, and the observer O knows nothing more than the original problem statement. All three parties keep the same information but interpret it differently. Then it becomes a game of information. Let us call the split of a number A into two terms A=B+C a 2

  4. Burnside's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside's_theorem

    If a were zero, G would be a finite q-group, hence nilpotent, and therefore solvable. Similarly, G cannot be abelian, otherwise it would be solvable. As G is simple, its center must therefore be trivial. There is an element g of G which has q d conjugates, for some d > 0. By the first statement of Sylow's theorem, G has a subgroup S of order p a.

  5. Burnside problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside_problem

    The existence of the free Burnside group and its uniqueness up to an isomorphism are established by standard techniques of group theory. Thus if G is any finitely generated group of exponent n, then G is a homomorphic image of B(m, n), where m is the number of generators of G. The Burnside problem for groups with bounded exponent can now be ...

  6. Vacuous truth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuous_truth

    These examples, one from mathematics and one from natural language, illustrate the concept of vacuous truths: "For any integer x, if x > 5 then x > 3." [11] – This statement is true non-vacuously (since some integers are indeed greater than 5), but some of its implications are only vacuously true: for example, when x is the integer 2, the statement implies the vacuous truth that "if 2 > 5 ...

  7. Waring's problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waring's_problem

    G(3) is at least 4 (since cubes are congruent to 0, 1 or −1 mod 9); for numbers less than 1.3 × 10 9, 1 290 740 is the last to require 6 cubes, and the number of numbers between N and 2N requiring 5 cubes drops off with increasing N at sufficient speed to have people believe that G(3) = 4; [22] the largest number now known not to be a sum of ...

  8. Landau's problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau's_problems

    Goldbach's weak conjecture, every odd number greater than 5 can be expressed as the sum of three primes, is a consequence of Goldbach's conjecture. Ivan Vinogradov proved it for large enough n (Vinogradov's theorem) in 1937, [1] and Harald Helfgott extended this to a full proof of Goldbach's weak conjecture in 2013. [2] [3] [4]

  9. Gödel's incompleteness theorems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gödel's_incompleteness...

    The statement p is not literally equal to ~Bew(G(p)); rather, p states that if a certain calculation is performed, the resulting Gödel number will be that of an unprovable statement. But when this calculation is performed, the resulting Gödel number turns out to be the Gödel number of p itself.