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Boron fibers are used in lightweight composite applications, such as high strength tapes. This use is a very small fraction of total boron use. Boron is introduced into semiconductors as boron compounds, by ion implantation. Estimated global consumption of boron (almost entirely as boron compounds) was about 4 million tonnes of B 2 O 3 in 2012.
As anticipated by its hydride clusters, boron forms a variety of stable compounds with formal oxidation state less than three. B 2 F 4 and B 4 Cl 4 are well characterized. [6] Ball-and-stick model of superconductor magnesium diboride. Boron atoms lie in hexagonal aromatic graphite-like layers, with a charge of −1 on each boron atom.
The [BAr F 4] − anion with four fluorinated aryl groups distributed tetrahedrally about a central boron atom. Tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate is an anion with chemical formula [{3,5-(CF 3) 2 C 6 H 3} 4 B] −, which is commonly abbreviated as [BAr F 4] −, indicating the presence of fluorinated aryl (Ar F) groups.
The Manhattan Project consumed some US$2 billion (1945, ~US$27 billion in 2023 dollars) in government funds, and employed at its peak some 120,000 people, mostly in the sectors of construction and operations. In total the Manhattan Project involved the labor of some 500,000 people, nearly 1% of the entire US civilian labor force. [102]
Amorphous powder boron and polycrystalline β-rhombohedral boron are the most common forms. The latter allotrope is a very hard [ n 1 ] grey material, about ten percent lighter than aluminium and with a melting point (2080 °C) several hundred degrees higher than that of steel.
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9-borafluorenes are a class of boron-containing heterocycles consisting of a tricyclic system with a central BC 4 ring with two fused arene groups. 9-borafluorenes can be thought of as a borole with two fused arene rings, or as a trigonal planar boron atom with an empty p orbital bridging two biphenyl rings.
The false claim that a 14-year-old student built an atomic bomb as a science project originates from a satirical website.