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  2. Outcrop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrop

    Some of the types of information that cannot be obtained except from bedrock outcrops or by precise drilling and coring operations, are structural geology features orientations (e.g. bedding planes, fold axes, foliation), depositional features orientations (e.g. paleo-current directions, grading, facies changes), paleomagnetic orientations

  3. Glossary of geology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geology

    Also called Indianite. A mineral from the lime-rich end of the plagioclase group of minerals. Anorthites are usually silicates of calcium and aluminium occurring in some basic igneous rocks, typically those produced by the contact metamorphism of impure calcareous sediments. anticline An arched fold in which the layers usually dip away from the fold axis. Contrast syncline. aphanic Having the ...

  4. Joint (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(geology)

    Regional and local joint systems exert a strong control on how ore-forming hydrothermal fluids (consisting largely of H 2 O, CO 2, and NaCl — which formed most of Earth's ore deposits) circulated within its crust. As a result, understanding their genesis, structure, chronology, and distribution is an important part of finding and profitably ...

  5. Saprolite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprolite

    A represents soil; B represents laterite, a regolith; C represents saprolite, a less-weathered regolith; beneath C is bedrock. Saprolite is a chemically weathered rock. Saprolites form in the lower zones of soil profiles and represent deep weathering of the bedrock surface. In most outcrops, its color comes from ferric compounds.

  6. Kimberlite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberlite

    Group I kimberlites exhibit a distinctive inequigranular texture caused by macrocrystic (0.5–10 mm or 0.020–0.394 in) to megacrystic (10–200 mm or 0.39–7.87 in) phenocrysts of olivine, pyrope, chromian diopside, magnesian ilmenite, and phlogopite, in a fine- to medium-grained groundmass.

  7. Limestone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone

    Karst regions overlying limestone bedrock tend to have fewer visible above-ground sources (ponds and streams), as surface water easily drains downward through joints in the limestone. While draining, water and organic acid from the soil slowly (over thousands or millions of years) enlarges these cracks, dissolving the calcium carbonate and ...

  8. Porphyry copper deposit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_copper_deposit

    Porphyry copper deposits represent an important resource and the dominant source of copper that is mined today to satisfy global demand. [6] Via compilation of geological data, it has been found that the majority of porphyry deposits are Phanerozoic in age and were emplaced at depths of approximately 1 to 6 kilometres with vertical thicknesses on average of 2 kilometres. [6]

  9. Komatiite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komatiite

    Spinifex texture is the result of rapid crystallization of highly magnesian liquid in the thermal gradient at the margin of the flow or sill. Harrisite texture, first described from intrusive rocks (not komatiites) at Harris Bay on the island of Rùm in Scotland, is formed by nucleation of crystals on the floor of a magma chamber.

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