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Electric charge (symbol q, sometimes Q) is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Electric charge can be positive or negative. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. An object with no net charge is referred to as electrically neutral.
The elementary charge, usually denoted by e, is a fundamental physical constant, defined as the electric charge carried by a single proton (+ 1e) or, equivalently, the magnitude of the negative electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 e.
Symbol Name Meaning SI unit of measure nabla dot : the divergence operator often pronounced "del dot" per meter (m −1) : nabla cross : the curl operator often pronounced "del cross"
In physical chemistry, the Faraday constant (symbol F, sometimes stylized as ℱ) is a physical constant defined as the quotient of the total electric charge (q) by the amount (n) of elementary charge carriers in any given sample of matter: F = q/n; it is expressed in units of coulombs per mole (C/mol).
Charge number or valence [1] of an ion is the coefficient that, when multiplied by the elementary charge, gives the ion's charge. [2]For example, the charge on a chloride ion, , is , where e is the elementary charge.
For Faraday's first law, M, F, v are constants; thus, the larger the value of Q, the larger m will be. For Faraday's second law, Q, F, v are constants; thus, the larger the value of (equivalent weight), the larger m will be. In the simple case of constant-current electrolysis, Q = It, leading to
In nuclear physics and chemistry, the Q value for a nuclear reaction is the amount of energy absorbed or released during the reaction. The value relates to the enthalpy of a chemical reaction or the energy of radioactive decay products. It can be determined from the masses of reactants and products. Q values affect reaction rates.
One particle: N particles: One dimension ^ = ^ + = + ^ = = ^ + (,,) = = + (,,) where the position of particle n is x n. = + = = +. (,) = /.There is a further restriction — the solution must not grow at infinity, so that it has either a finite L 2-norm (if it is a bound state) or a slowly diverging norm (if it is part of a continuum): [1] ‖ ‖ = | |.