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  2. Intonation (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)

    In linguistics, intonation is the variation in pitch used to indicate the speaker's attitudes and emotions, to highlight or focus an expression, to signal the illocutionary act performed by a sentence, or to regulate the flow of discourse. For example, the English question "Does Maria speak Spanish or French

  3. Tone (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)

    Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to inflect words. [1] All oral languages use pitch to express emotional and other para-linguistic information and to convey emphasis, contrast and other such features in what is called intonation, but not all languages use tones to distinguish words or their inflections, analogously ...

  4. Just-noticeable difference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-noticeable_difference

    In the branch of experimental psychology focused on sense, sensation, and perception, which is called psychophysics, a just-noticeable difference or JND is the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time. [1]

  5. Levitin effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitin_effect

    The Levitin effect is a phenomenon whereby people, even those without musical training, tend to remember songs in the correct key.The finding stands in contrast to the large body of laboratory literature suggesting that such details of perceptual experience are lost during the process of memory encoding, so that people would remember melodies with relative pitch, rather than absolute pitch.

  6. Musical syntax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_syntax

    The second aspect is, that chord syntax provides norms for altering chords by additional tones. One example is the addition of a fourth tone to a triad, which is the seventh tone of the scale (e.g. in a C-major scale the addition of F to the triad G-B-D would lead to a so-called "dominant seventh chord"). Concerning norms for the progression of ...

  7. Prosody (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)

    The exchange above is an example of using intonation to highlight particular words and to employ rising and falling of pitch to change meaning. If read out loud, the pitch of the voice moves in different directions on the word "cat." In the first line, pitch goes up, indicating a question.

  8. Temporal theory (hearing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_theory_(hearing)

    Therefore, in this theory, the pitch of a pure tone is determined by the period of neuron firing patterns—either of single neurons, or groups as described by the volley theory. Temporal theory competes with the place theory of hearing, which instead states that pitch is signaled according to the locations of vibrations along the basilar membrane.

  9. Stress (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)

    For example, when emphasis is produced through pitch alone, it is called pitch accent, and when produced through length alone, it is called quantitative accent. [3] When caused by a combination of various intensified properties, it is called stress accent or dynamic accent; English uses what is called variable stress accent.