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Jews were drafted into the Bulgarian army and fought in the Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885), in the Balkan Wars (1912–13), and in the First World War. 211 Jewish soldiers of the Bulgarian army were recorded as having died during World War I. [3] The Treaty of Neuilly after World War I emphasized Jews' equality with other Bulgarian citizens.
However, a large part of this population, the so-called Kariots (Greek: Καρυώτες), [6] is regarded by some ethnographers (including Konstantin Josef Jireček) as having been only Greek-identifying, but of Bulgarian origin. [7] Raymond Detrez deems this theory improbable, since the Kariots are a rural population. [8]
Bulgaria, who granted Jews full citizenship in 1880, who was part of the axis powers, tried to give over Bulgarian Jews to the Germans in exchange for its old territories like Thrace or North Macedonia but was met with strong popular resistance. Nevertheless, Bulgaria sent thousands of Jews from the occupied territories to Nazi concentration ...
The Bulgarian "Church Struggle" was resolved finally with a Sultan decree in 1870, which established the Bulgarian Exarchate. [17] The act also instituted the Bulgarian Orthodox millet – an entity combining the modern notion for a nation with the Ottoman principle of millet. [ 17 ]
In 2021, the Orthodox Church at least nominally had a total of 4,219,270 members in Bulgaria (71.5% of the population), [157] [158] down from 6,552,000 (83%) at the 2001 census. 3,980,131 of these pointed out the Bulgarian ethnic group (79% of the total Bulgarian ethnic group).
The Jewish population of Europe in 2010 was estimated to be approximately 1.4 million (0.2% of European population) or 10% of the world's Jewish population. [91] In the 21st century, France has the largest Jewish population in Europe, [91] [92] followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia and Ukraine. [92]
Kaplan, Yosef. "The Self-Definition of the Sephardic Jews of Western Europe and their Relation to the Alien and the Stranger", in: B. R. Gampel (ed.), Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World, 1391-1648, (New York 1997), p. 121-145. Karady, Victor. The Jews of Europe in the Modern Era: A Socio-historical Outline. Budapest: Central European ...
In May 1943 deportation of Jews from the Bulgarian occupation zone began as well. [50] In the same year the Bulgarian army expanded its zone of control into Central Macedonia under German supervision, although this area was not formally annexed nor administered by Bulgaria. Two of the leading members of the Greek resistance were Macedonians.