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Bunkering is the supplying of fuel for use by ships (such fuel is referred to as bunker), [1] including the logistics of loading and distributing the fuel among available shipboard tanks. [2] A person dealing in trade of bunker (fuel) is called a bunker trader. The term bunkering originated in the days of steamships, when coal was stored in ...
In energy statistics, marine bunkers and aviation bunkers [1] as defined by the International Energy Agency are the energy consumption of ships and aircraft.. Marine and aviation bunkers are reported separately from international bunkers, which represent consumption of ships and aircraft on international routes.
LNG for use as a fuel, as seen on this LNG bunkering vessel is regulated by the Code. The IGF Code provides industry standards for ships that use fuels with a flashpoint of less than 60°C. The IGF Code seeks to regulate the safety changes from the carriage and use of gas fuel, in particular liquefied natural gas and other low-flashpoint fuels.
Also known as bunker fuel, or residual fuel oil, HFO is the result or remnant from the distillation and cracking process of petroleum. For this reason, HFO contains several different compounds that include aromatics , sulfur , and nitrogen , making emissions upon combustion more polluting compared to other fuel oils. [ 1 ]
These operations are carried out in accordance with guidelines set out by the latest Oil Companies International Marine Forum and the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), with the strictest adherence to safety regulations. These are the industry guidelines which are part of the contractual commitment between the ship owner and the STS ...
This is expected to create massive changes for the shipping and oil industries, with major updates required to ships and the increased production of lower sulfur fuel. [15] Bunker fuels used within an emission control zone (i.e. North Sea) must have a sulphur content level of less than 0.1% (1000ppm).
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Because of the low quality of bunker fuel, when burnt it is especially harmful to the health of humans, causing serious illnesses and deaths. Prior to the IMO's 2020 sulfur cap, shipping industry air pollution was estimated to cause around 400,000 premature deaths each year, from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, as well as 14 million childhood asthma cases each year.