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Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
The reasons for creating fills include the reduction of grade along a route or the elevation of the route above water, swampy ground, or areas where snow drifts frequently collect. Fills can also be used to cover tree stumps, rocks, or unstable soil, in which case material with a higher bearing capacity is placed on top of the obstacle in order ...
Other common earthworks are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site, or to stabilize slopes. Geofoam is a new lightweight earthworks technique used to build a bridge overpass on weak soil near Montreal.
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Terraced wall on La Gomera. A terraced wall, also a terrace wall, or a terraced retaining wall is a wall that is divided into sections over a slope. Such designs are useful when building on a steep grade. Terraced walls may be built with many different materials. Some craters have terraced walls, which includes complex craters. [1] [2]
A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall; however, the term usually refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its top. [2] These are cantilevered from a footing and rise above the grade on one side to retain a higher level grade on the opposite side.
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The wall face is often of precast, segmental blocks, panels or geocells that can tolerate some differential movement. The walls are infilled with granular soil, with or without reinforcement, while retaining the backfill soil. Reinforced walls utilize horizontal layers typically of geogrids. The reinforced soil mass, along with the facing ...
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