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The ovulatory shift hypothesis proposes that women's behavior during the fertile phase should also reflect evolutionary adaptations for reproductive success. Fertile-phase women also spend more time on their appearance and tend to wear accessories like jewelry, makeup, or hairstyles that are perceived as trying to look more attractive.
Women are more likely than men to live below the poverty line, a phenomenon known as the feminization of poverty. The 2015 poverty rates for men and women in the U.S. were 10% and 15% respectively. Women are less likely to pursue advanced degrees and tend to have low paying jobs.
The lack of men at home led to many women taking industrial jobs: by 1943, 1/3 of the workers in Boeing's Seattle factory were women. [22] According to historian Jane Marcellus, women experienced a never before seen shift in public praise, as they were commended as being competent and intelligent. [23]
The term third wave is credited to Walker's 1992 article, "Becoming the Third Wave." [1] Third-wave feminism is a feminist movement that began in the early 1990s, [2] prominent in the decades prior to the fourth wave.
A double burden (also called double day, second shift, and double duty [1]) is the workload of people who work to earn money, but who are also responsible for significant amounts of unpaid domestic labor. [2] This phenomenon is also known as the Second Shift as in Arlie Hochschild's book of the same name.
Both approaches incur higher wage costs. Although 2nd-shift worker efficiency levels are typically 3–5% below 1st shift, and 3rd shift 4–6% below 2nd shift, the productivity level, i.e. cost per employee, is often 25% to 40% lower on 2nd and 3rd shifts due to fixed costs which are "paid" by the first shift. [48]
In sociology, the third place refers to the social surroundings that are separate from the two usual social environments of home ("first place") and the workplace ("second place"). Examples of third places include churches , cafes , bars , clubs , libraries , gyms , bookstores , hackerspaces , stoops , parks , theaters , among others.
By 1945 there were 4.7 million women in clerical positions - this was an 89% increase from women with this occupation prior to World War II. [8] In addition, there were 4.5 million women working as factory operatives - this was a 112% increase since before the war. [ 8 ]