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The field of application of the law of value is limited to new output by producers of traded, reproducible labour-products, [22] although it might indirectly influence trade in other goods or assets (for example, the value of a second-hand good may be related to a newly produced good of the same type). Thus, the law does not apply to all goods ...
Japanese commodity money before the 8th century AD: arrowheads, rice grains and gold powder. This is the earliest form of Japanese currency. Commodity money is money whose value comes from a commodity of which it is made. Commodity money consists of objects having value or use in themselves (intrinsic value) as well as their value in buying ...
If we go on to consider money, its existence implies that a definite stage in the development of commodity exchange has been reached." [18] Through the experience of regular trade and competition, normal exchange values become established for products, which reflect an economy of labour-time and a cost-structure of production. The simple ...
If there is an excess supply of one good, there must be a shortage of another: "The superabundance of goods of one description arises from the deficiency of goods of another description." [11] To further clarify, he wrote: "Sales cannot be said to be dull because money is scarce, but because other products are so. ...
Many items have been used as commodity money such as naturally scarce precious metals, conch shells, barley, beads, etc., as well as many other things that are thought of as having value. Commodity money value comes from the commodity out of which it is made. The commodity itself constitutes the money, and the money is the commodity. [32]
In the reified perception of the political economists and the vulgar Marxists, products have value because they are expressible in money-prices, but Marx argues [202] that in reality it is just the other way round: because commodities have value, i.e. because they are all products with an average current replacement cost of social labour, [203 ...
Karl Marx described price as the money-name for the labour realised in a commodity. [3] A commodity value is dependent on its utility. [4] Because money becomes valuable not due to its substance, that is, its commodity value, but rather because of its performance, currencies tend to become token. [5]
It assumes an economy with one consumer, one producer and two goods. The title " Robinson Crusoe " is a reference to the 1719 novel of the same name authored by Daniel Defoe . As a thought experiment in economics, many international trade economists have found this simplified and idealized version of the story important due to its ability to ...