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At first, the illusory truth effect was believed to occur only when individuals are highly uncertain about a given statement. [1] Psychologists also assumed that "outlandish" headlines wouldn't produce this effect however, recent research shows the illusory truth effect is indeed at play with false news. [5]
Others apply the term more broadly to the tendency to preserve one's existing beliefs when searching for evidence, interpreting it, or recalling it from memory. [ 6 ] [ b ] Confirmation bias is a result of automatic, unintentional strategies rather than deliberate deception.
Egocentric bias is the tendency to rely too heavily on one's own perspective and/or have a different perception of oneself relative to others. [35] The following are forms of egocentric bias: Bias blind spot , the tendency to see oneself as less biased than other people, or to be able to identify more cognitive biases in others than in oneself.
Sexual over-perception relative to under-perception was reported more frequently among younger participants, among singles, and among participants with an unrestricted socio-sexual orientation. [5] Endorsing and being more open to casual sex may have evoked more sexual interest from members of the opposite sex, leading to more frequent reports ...
Perception is not only the passive receipt of these signals, but it is also shaped by the recipient's learning, memory, expectation, and attention. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Sensory input is a process that transforms this low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition ). [ 5 ]
This illusion occurs when an individual notices something recently, leading them to be convinced that it originated recently as well. [4] This phenomenon amplifies frequency illusion since it leads the person to become more aware of recent stimuli and increases the chances of them focusing on it in the near future. [ 9 ]
Selective perception – If people are confronting unsympathetic material, they do not perceive it, or make it fit for their existing opinion. Selective retention – refers to the process of categorizing and interpreting information in a way that favors one category or interpretation over another.
A counterfactual statement may involve the addition or subtraction of an event. An additive statement involves engaging in an event that did not originally occur (e.g., I should have taken medicine) whereas a subtractive statement involves removing an event that took place (e.g., I should have never started drinking). [16]