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  2. Thévenin's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thévenin's_theorem

    The equivalent voltage V th is the voltage obtained at terminals A–B of the network with terminals A–B open circuited. The equivalent resistance R th is the resistance that the circuit between terminals A and B would have if all ideal voltage sources in the circuit were replaced by a short circuit and all ideal current sources were replaced ...

  3. Vacuum tube battery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube_battery

    The "C" battery is used to provide bias to the control grid. Until the early 1930s this was common practice in valve (tube) radio sets but was largely superseded by grid leak resistors or voltage divider biasing. Because the tube grids draw no current, the "C" battery provides the bias voltage with no current draw.

  4. Equivalent circuit model for Li-ion cells - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_circuit_model...

    The equivalent-circuit model is used to simulate the voltage at the cell terminals when an electric current is applied to discharge or recharge it. The most common circuital representation consists of three elements in series: a variable voltage source, representing the open-circuit voltage (OCV) of the cell, a resistor representing ohmic internal resistance of the cell and a set of resistor ...

  5. Maximum power transfer theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_transfer_theorem

    Simplified model for powering a load with resistance R L by a source with voltage V S and resistance R S.. The theorem was originally misunderstood (notably by Joule [4]) to imply that a system consisting of an electric motor driven by a battery could not be more than 50% efficient, since the power dissipated as heat in the battery would always be equal to the power delivered to the motor when ...

  6. Internal resistance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_resistance

    Many equivalent series resistance (ESR) meters, essentially AC milliohm-meters normally used to measure the ESR of capacitors, can be used to estimate battery internal resistance, particularly to check the state of discharge of a battery rather than obtain an accurate DC value. [2] Some chargers for rechargeable batteries indicate the ESR.

  7. Series and parallel circuits - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits

    If the cells of a battery are connected in parallel, the battery voltage will be the same as the cell voltage, but the current supplied by each cell will be a fraction of the total current. For example, if a battery comprises four identical cells connected in parallel and delivers a current of 1 ampere , the current supplied by each cell will ...

  8. Randles circuit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randles_circuit

    Randles circuit schematic. In electrochemistry, a Randles circuit is an equivalent electrical circuit that consists of an active electrolyte resistance R S in series with the parallel combination of the double-layer capacitance C dl and an impedance (Z w) of a faradaic reaction.

  9. Equivalent circuit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_circuit

    Often, an equivalent circuit is sought that simplifies calculation, and more broadly, that is a simplest form of a more complex circuit in order to aid analysis. [1] In its most common form, an equivalent circuit is made up of linear, passive elements. However, more complex equivalent circuits are used that approximate the nonlinear behavior of ...