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The cancer stem cell model, also known as the Hierarchical Model proposes that tumors are hierarchically organized (CSCs lying at the apex [6] (Fig. 3).) Within the cancer population of the tumors there are cancer stem cells (CSC) that are tumorigenic cells and are biologically distinct from other subpopulations [7] They have two defining features: their long-term ability to self-renew and ...
Younger individuals, if at high risk for dying from CLL, may consider allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Myeloablative (bone marrow killing) forms of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, a high-risk treatment using blood cells from a healthy donor, may be curative, but treatment-related toxicity is significant. [80]
In 1997, Dick reported the detection of cancer stem cells at the root of three other forms of leukemia. This time he presented it as the " cancer stem-cell hypothesis ". His model stated that there are different cancer cells and amongst them there is a pecking order in which the abnormal stem cell, is both the key to forming and feeding a cancer.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [3] [4] Cancer can be difficult to diagnose because its signs and symptoms are often nonspecific, meaning they may be general phenomena that do not point directly to a specific disease process.
The cancer stem cell hypothesis proposes that the different kinds of cells in a heterogeneous tumor arise from a single cell, termed Cancer Stem Cell. Cancer stem cells may arise from transformation of adult stem cells or differentiated cells within a body. These cells persist as a subcomponent of the tumor and retain key stem cell properties.
The first malignant cell, that gives rise to the tumor, is often labeled a cancer stem cell. [87] The cancer stem-cell hypothesis relies on the fact that a lot of tumors are heterogeneous – the cells in the tumor vary by phenotype and functions. [87] [88] [89] Current research shows that in many cancers there is apparent hierarchy among cells.
Stem cell tourism is the part of the medical tourism industry in which patients travel to obtain stem cell procedures. [109] The United States has had an explosion of "stem cell clinics". [110] Stem cell procedures are highly profitable for clinics. The advertising sounds authoritative but the efficacy and safety of the procedures is unproven.
[2] [3] Diagnosis is conducted by confirming the presence of cancer and identifying RS cells in lymph node biopsies. [2] The virus-positive cases are classified as a form of the Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. [12] Hodgkin lymphoma may be treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem-cell transplantation. [4]