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When companies faced similar issues obtaining other types of liability insurance in the 1980s, Congress enacted the Liability Risk Retention Act (LRRA), which extended the Act to all types of commercial liability insurance. Under the LRRA, a domiciliary state is charged with regulating the formation and operation of a risk retention group.
Risk-retention pools are technically retaining the risk for the group, but spreading it over the whole group involves transfer among individual members of the group. This is different from traditional insurance, in that no premium is exchanged between members of the group upfront, but instead, losses are assessed to all members of the group.
In theory, a small group of individuals or companies could band together to insure one another and form a reciprocal. In consumer insurance, more recently, entrepreneurs have formed attorneys-in-fact which then form reciprocals by providing the initial capital (often as a surplus note), attracting subscribers, and managing the exchange.
Asset-liability Management: Issues and trends, R. Vaidyanathan, ASCI Journal of Management 29(1). 39-48; Price Waterhouse Coopers Status of balance sheet management practices among international banks 2009; Bank for International Settlements Principles for the management and supervision of interest rate risk - final document
Traditional forms of finance include risk transfer, funded retention by way of reserves (often called self-insurance) and risk pooling. Alternative risk finance is the use of products and solutions which have grown out of the convergence of the banking and insurance industry. They include captive insurance companies and catastrophic bonds, and ...
Risk management is predicting and managing risks that could hinder the organization from reliably achieving its objectives under uncertainty. Compliance refers to adhering with the mandated boundaries (laws and regulations) and voluntary boundaries (company's policies, procedures, etc.).
The COSO "Enterprise Risk Management-Integrated Framework" published in 2004 (New edition COSO ERM 2017 is not Mentioned and the 2004 version is outdated) defines ERM as a "…process, effected by an entity's board of directors, management, and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify ...
Risk Retention Groups (RRG): self-insurance capital (money) contributed by several companies that can range from small to medium in size. Self-Insured Retentions (SIR): capital (money) set aside to be used when losses occur. Earnings Protection: policies that are available by specific loss of earnings in a certain financial period.