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Ruby's design forces all instance variables to be private, but also provides a simple way to declare set and get methods. This is in keeping with the idea that in Ruby one never directly accesses the internal members of a class from outside the class; rather, one passes a message to the class and receives a response.
It is primarily associated with PHP, Ruby and Perl programming languages, which use it to declare hashes. Using a fat comma to bind key-value pairs in a hash, instead of using a comma, is considered an example of good idiomatic Perl. [1] In CoffeeScript and TypeScript, the fat comma is used to declare a function that is bound to this. [2] [3]
A new convention of using #to_h to convert objects to Hashes [30] Starting with 2.1.0, Ruby's versioning policy changed to be more similar to semantic versioning. [31] Ruby 2.2.0 includes speed-ups, bugfixes, and library updates and removes some deprecated APIs.
Ruby 2.5.0 was released on Christmas Day in 2017. [81] A few notable changes include: rescue and ensure statements automatically use a surrounding do-end block (less need for extra begin-end blocks) Method-chaining with yield_self; Support branch coverage and method coverage measurement; Easier Hash transformations with Hash#slice and Hash# ...
In Ruby, symbols can be created with a literal form, or by converting a string. [1] They can be used as an identifier or an interned string. [10] Two symbols with the same contents will always refer to the same object. [11] It is considered a best practice to use symbols as keys to an associative array in Ruby. [10] [12]
A hash function that allows only certain table sizes or strings only up to a certain length, or cannot accept a seed (i.e. allow double hashing) is less useful than one that does. [citation needed] A hash function is applicable in a variety of situations. Particularly within cryptography, notable applications include: [8]
In a well-dimensioned hash table, the average time complexity for each lookup is independent of the number of elements stored in the table. Many hash table designs also allow arbitrary insertions and deletions of key–value pairs, at amortized constant average cost per operation. [3] [4] [5] Hashing is an example of a space-time tradeoff.
hash HAS-160: 160 bits hash HAVAL: 128 to 256 bits hash JH: 224 to 512 bits hash LSH [19] 256 to 512 bits wide-pipe Merkle–Damgård construction: MD2: 128 bits hash MD4: 128 bits hash MD5: 128 bits Merkle–Damgård construction: MD6: up to 512 bits Merkle tree NLFSR (it is also a keyed hash function) RadioGatún: arbitrary ideal mangling ...