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Moral hazard can be divided into two types when it involves asymmetric information (or lack of verifiability) of the outcome of a random event. An ex ante moral hazard is a change in behavior prior to the outcome of the random event, whereas ex post involves behavior after the outcome. [45]
By measuring morale with employee surveys many business owners and managers have long been aware of a direct, causative connection between that morale, (which includes job satisfaction, opinions of their management and many other aspects of the workplace culture) and the performance of their organization. [2]
The policy response to adverse selection and moral hazard must consider the ways in which behavioral tendencies affect how those forces operate. One approach is to promote the function of private health insurance markets through a combination of subsidies that make health insurance more affordable and regulations that encourage pooling and ...
However, hazards that are difficult or impossible to eliminate can be managed through engineering, administrative, or individual-level interventions. Based on this hierarchy, workplace programs using a TWH approach may emphasize elimination or control of workplace safety and health hazards as the primary goal. [13]
Workplace hazards can be chemical, biological, physical, ergonomic, psychosocial, or safety-related in nature. [8] Hazard surveillance is an essential component of any occupational health surveillance effort and is used for defining the elements of the risk management program.
Workplace harassment is belittling or threatening behavior directed at an individual worker or a group of workers. [1]Workplace harassment has gained interest among practitioners and researchers as it is becoming one of the most sensitive areas of effective workplace management.
In both wars, context made it tricky to deal with moral challenges. What is moral in combat can at once be immoral in peacetime society. Shooting a child-warrior, for instance. In combat, eliminating an armed threat carries a high moral value of protecting your men. Back home, killing a child is grotesquely wrong.
Data on moral variables began to be collected and disseminated by various state agencies (most notably in France and Britain) in the early 19th century, and were widely used in debates about social reform. The first major work on this topic was the Essay on moral statistics of France by André-Michel Guerry in 1833. [2]