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A viral infection can directly cause encephalitis or trigger a cascade ending in autoimmunity, with both mechanisms eventually leading to a rise in CSF lymphocyte concentration. [ citation needed ] For patients with Herpes simplex virus , more than 90% are found to have lymphocytic pleocytosis of varying levels. [ 5 ]
Laboratory tests commonly reveal the presence of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia; elevated blood levels of eosinophils, gamma globulins, and lactic dehydrogenase; high erythrocyte sedimentation rates; and positive blood tests for autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor, anti-nuclear antibody, and anti-smooth muscle antibody.
Lymphocytosis is usually detected when a complete blood count is obtained. If not provided the lymphocyte count can be calculated by multiplying the total white blood cell (WBC) count by the percentage of lymphocytes found in the differential count. [13] The lymphocyte count can also be directly measured by flow cytometry. [citation needed]
It affects lymphocyte apoptosis. [2] It is a rare genetic disorder of abnormal lymphocyte survival caused by defective Fas mediated apoptosis. [3] Normally, after infectious insult, the immune system down-regulates by increasing Fas expression on activated B and T lymphocytes and Fas-ligand on activated T lymphocytes.
The use of PCR assays to test for HHV-7 is also being explored. [9] [42] No HHV-7 infection-specific treatment exists. [9] While HHV-7 may not be linked to any specific diseases, some researchers emphasize that the virus is still clinically relevant as it causes significant complications in immunocompromised patients.
Individuals with MBL usually present with unexplained increases in blood lymphocyte counts (i.e. lymphocytosis). The most common causes for lymphocytosis are viral infections, autoimmune diseases (particularly connective tissue diseases), hypersensitivity reactions, acute stress reactions, and prior splenectomy. [9]
False negative test results may occur if the test is performed late in the course of the illness or if the test sample is not appropriately acquired. [17] Testing people for HSV when they are asymptomatic is not recommended due to the high false-positivity rate. [18] A false positive test may cause relationship difficulties. [18]
Blood test results for persons with infectious mononucleosis include an elevated white blood cell count, an increased percentage of atypical mononuclear cells. Liver enzymes are often elevated. A positive "mono spot" test is useful in confirming the diagnosis but a negative result does not rule out primary EBV infection.