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In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s by Collins Radio employees Melvin L. Doelz and Earl T. Heald. [1] Similar to OQPSK, MSK is encoded with bits alternating between quadrature components, with the Q component delayed by half the symbol period.
Minimum frequency-shift keying or minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a particular spectrally efficient form of coherent FSK. In MSK, the difference between the higher and lower frequency is identical to half the bit rate. Consequently, the waveforms that represent a 0 and a 1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier period.
Notable variants of CPM include minimum shift keying (MSK) and Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), which uses a Gaussian filter to smooth out phase shifts. [7] [8] Since the underwater environment is highly scattered, it can cause multipath propagation and signal degradation.
Each symbol is encoded as a different combination of amplitude and phase of the carrier, so each symbol is represented by a point on the constellation diagram, called a constellation point. The constellation diagram shows all the possible symbols that can be transmitted by the system as a collection of points.
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These printable keyboard shortcut symbols will make your life so much easier. The post 96 Shortcuts for Accents and Symbols: A Cheat Sheet appeared first on Reader's Digest.
Keyboard shortcuts make it easier and quicker to perform some simple tasks in your AOL Mail. Access all shortcuts by pressing shift+? on your keyboard. All shortcuts are formatted for Windows computers, but most will work on a Mac by substituting Cmd for Ctrl or Option for Alt. General keyboard shortcuts
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