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The scale factor is dimensionless, with counted from the birth of the universe and set to the present age of the universe: [4] giving the current value of as () or . The evolution of the scale factor is a dynamical question, determined by the equations of general relativity , which are presented in the case of a locally isotropic, locally ...
In these equations, R(t) is the cosmological scale factor, is the Newtonian constant of gravitation, Λ is the cosmological constant with dimension length −2, ρ is the energy density and p is the isotropic pressure. k is constant throughout a particular solution, but may vary from one solution to another.
Scale analysis rules as follows: Rule1-First step in scale analysis is to define the domain of extent in which we apply scale analysis. Any scale analysis of a flow region that is not uniquely defined is not valid. Rule2-One equation constitutes an equivalence between the scales of two dominant terms appearing in the equation. For example,
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2.5 m – distance from the floor to the ceiling in an average residential house [118] 2.7 m – length of the Starr Bumble Bee II, the smallest plane; 2.77–3.44 m – wavelength of the broadcast radio FM band 87–108 MHz; 3.05 m – the length of an old Mini; 8 m – length of the Tsar Bomba, the largest bomb ever detonated
Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate. [1]
The scale factors for the parabolic coordinates (,) are equal = = + Hence, the infinitesimal element of area is = (+) and the Laplacian equals = + (+) Other differential operators such as and can be expressed in the coordinates (,) by substituting the scale factors into the general formulae found in orthogonal coordinates.
Such a scaling changes the diameter of an object by a factor between the scale factors, the area by a factor between the smallest and the largest product of two scale factors, and the volume by the product of all three. The scaling is uniform if and only if the scaling factors are equal (v x = v y = v z). If all except one of the scale factors ...