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The early idea that a person with schizophrenia might present solely with symptoms and indications of deterioration (i.e. presenting with no accessory symptoms [18] [19]) was identified as dementia simplex. [20] ICD-10 specifies the continuation of symptoms for a period of two years in the diagnosis of simple schizophrenia.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood antigen testing by lateral flow assay for cryptococcal antigens has a sensitivity and specificity greater than 99% for cryptococcosis. [19] A CSF fungal culture can tell if there is a microbiological failure (failure of the fungal infections to treat the infection). CSF fungal culture has a 90% sensitivity and ...
The DSM-5 criteria puts more emphasis on social or occupational dysfunction than the ICD-10. [7] The ICD-10, on the other hand, puts more emphasis on first-rank symptoms. [2] [8] The current proposal for the ICD-11 criteria for schizophrenia recommends adding self-disorder as a symptom. [9]
Symptoms are described in terms of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. [3] [35] The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the same for any psychosis and are sometimes referred to as psychotic symptoms. These may be present in any of the different psychoses and are often transient, making early diagnosis of schizophrenia problematic.
Scores are often given separately for the positive items, negative items, and general psychopathology. In their original publication on the PANSS scale, Stanley Kay and colleagues tested the scale on 101 adult patients (20-68 years-old) with schizophrenia [4] and the mean scores were, Positive scale = 18.20; Negative scale = 21.01
The DSM-5 criteria puts more emphasis on social or occupational dysfunction than the ICD-10. [39] The ICD-10, on the other hand, puts more emphasis on first-rank symptoms. [40] [41] The current proposal for the ICD-11 criteria for schizophrenia recommends adding self-disorder as a symptom. [42]
The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) is a rating scale that mental health professionals use to measure negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Negative symptoms are those conspicuous by their absence—lack of concern for one's appearance, and lack of language and communication skills, for example.
Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926). The Kraepelinian dichotomy is the division of the major endogenous psychoses into the disease concepts of dementia praecox, which was reformulated as schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler by 1908, [1] [2] and manic-depressive psychosis, which has now been reconceived as bipolar disorder. [3]